Job Design and Motivation - 2782 Words

There have been sufficient changes regarding job design over the past decades, including the rising popularity of new practices such as employee involvement (Maxwell, Richard Sandra 2008). With new induction of theories, an analysis to illustrate the similarities and differences was made between the content and process theories; chosen theories being the two-factor theory and equity theory respectively. Implications of integrating various theories like the Job Characteristics Model (JCM) by Herzberg and Oldham (1980) and the four major approaches to job design will be discussed, focusing on how they influence motivation in practice. 1.0: Content and Process Theories Content theories focus more on the intrinsic factors that affect†¦show more content†¦Both theories recognize that rewards drive an individual. The two theories also neglected the factor of individual characters. In a comparison of extroverts and introverts, Gray in 1975 (cited in Furnham, Eracleous Premuzic 2009) postulated that the former react more positively with rewards, and that the latter are more motivated to avoid punishment. Findings from studies (Gray 1975; Gupta 1976; Furnham 1997; Furnham et al. 1999, cited in Furnham, Eracleous Premuzic 2009) support this theory that personality factors have measurable influence on work motivation. Research by Schmitt et al in 2003 (cited in Latham Pinder 2005) also shows that personality traits influence an individual’s job satisfaction and performance. 2.1: The Differences In terms of differences, the two-factor theory presented a set of distinct factors that when experienced, will drive a person (the possibility of promotion or opportunities for personal growth are some examples listed by Herzberg) but equity theory concerns with the perception of an individual, which in the process of comparison, evoke a psychological state that acts as a factor of motivation. Although both theories agree that rewards are motivators, Herzberg and Adams place different levels of emphasis on the impacts that extrinsic and intrinsic rewardsShow MoreRelatedJob Design and Employees Motivation2028 Words   |  9 Pagestelephone or intranet / internet access. For example, TCS has a HR help desk where employees can call in with any HR-related questions. Currently operational in about three to four locations, TCS plans to expand this unique facility to all its centres. Jobs are out, careers are in. And HR is assuming the responsibility for plotting the career paths and growth of the employees. Most software engineers have a three-point agenda: globetrotting, annual promotions and acquiring millionaire status. This isRead MoreJob Design and Employees Motivation2019 Words   |  9 Pagestelephone or intranet / internet access. For example, TCS has a HR help desk where employees can call in with any HR-related questions. Currently operational in about three to four locations, TCS plans to expand this unique facility to all its centres. Jobs are out, careers are in. And HR is assuming the responsibility for plotting the career paths and growth of the employees. Most software engineers have a three-point agenda: globetrotting, annual promotions and acquiring millionaire status. This isRead MoreMotivation And Job Design Is A Keen Part Of Nehemiah1105 Words   |  5 PagesMotivation and Job design is a keen part of Nehemiah. Throughout the book, there are different styles of motivation and job design. This is seen while building the wall, as well as, motivating those to continue working. In Nehemiah 1, we read that the walls of Jerusalem have been destroyed. This gave Nehemiah incentives and goals go rebuild Gods city. This is driven by motivation because Nehemiah is currently feeling that his needs, motives, drives, frustration, arousal and emotion are affected (McKennaRead MoreThe Theories Of Motivation, The Managerial Skills, And Job Design951 Words   |  4 PagesMotivation can be defined in numerous ways. Is it a person’s internal drive, or an applied external force that compels people to strive towards a particular goal or achievement? According to Bateman Snell (2015), â€Å"motivation refers to forces that energize, direct, and sustain a person’s efforts† (p.440). This paper is going to explore the theories of motivation, the managerial skills, and job design needed to motivate employees to increase their performance, and a few successful organizationsRead MoreThe Effect of Work Design on Other Organisational Functions and Activities Including Production, Finance, Human Resources, and Marketing Etc.1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe effect of Work Design on other organisational functions and activities including Production, Finance, Human Resources, and Marketing etc. Work Design is closely related to operations management and within this is will have the greatest effect on production, which is an operations function, rather than finance, human resources or marketing which are separate business functions. Production Productivity has been generally defined as a ratio of a measure of output to a measure of someRead MoreJob Design Is An Effective Way For Motivate Employees And Increase Job Satisfaction1331 Words   |  6 Pagessuggests that a job well designed is an effective way to motivate employees and increase job satisfaction. The aim of this paper is to provide empirical evidence in favour of the above statement, to define job design, motivation and job satisfaction and to discuss practical ways on how job design contributes to employee’s motivation and job satisfaction. As people in general have basic needs which are largely satisfied trough work, management can actually have a strong influence on motivation and performanceRead MoreWhy Job Design Is An Effective Mechanism For Providing Employees Voice1713 Words   |  7 Pagesevaluate whether job design is an effective mechanism to provide employees voice. Buchanan (1979) defines job design as â€Å"the specification of contents, methods and relationship of jobs in order to satisfy technological and organizational requirements as well as the social and personal requirements of the jobholder.† Job design arranges and often rearranges responsibilities and relationships associated with various tasks and determines authority and interdependence of various jobs so as to reduceRead MoreThe Practical Implementation Of Motivation Theory Essay910 Words   |  4 PagesJOB AND WORK REDESIGN INTRODUCTION To assist in the practical implementation of motivation theory, we will assess the benefits of job and work redesign in relation to goal setting. As a department manager we must be aware of the gradual changes that occur in job tasks and the incremental addition of new tasks that might trigger a need for redesign. The issues that arise from these changes can be addressed by applying the principles of job and work redesign in relation to the goals of the departmentRead MoreHealth Information Systems : Job Redesign Essay908 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Elizabeth Layman wrote a case study on the topic of HIS (Health Information Systems) job redesign. The study urged managers to evaluate and redesign, if needed, the jobs of health care professionals. Layman points out that these jobs have gradually changed over time. Extra tasks have been added on to the duties of current employees and many are now over-worked. For example, the conversion of paper to electronic health records created 29 new roles for employees (Layman, 2011). NotRead MoreTeam Work and Motivation1259 Words   |  6 PagesTeamwork and Motivation Motivation is the internal and external factors that stimulate desire and energy in a person to be continually interested and committed to a job, role or subject, or to make an effort to attain a goal (Business Dictionary, 2013). The main priority of an organization should be its people. They are the ones who help maintain the mission and the vision of the organization as well as keeping the business flowing. This paper will provide a design of an organization motivation plan, identify

Essay on Anorexia Nervosa Two Types of Eating Disorders

Anorexia nervosa is a deadly eating disorder which makes people think that they are fat, even when they are really skinny. Anorexia is not only a physical disorder, but also a physiological disorder. The people who have it often feel fat, even though others say they aren’t, they are also scared of gaining weight. In order to prevent others from getting suspicious, they lie about the amount they eat.Normally, people who are 15% lighter than the expected body weight have Anorexia. A misconception that they develop is that they think that the thinner they are, the more they worth (self-worth). Anorexia Nervosa was first named and recognized in society in 1873. The name was given by Sir William Withey Gull. There are in fact, 2 types of†¦show more content†¦For example, in magazines, there are usually a lot of super thin models. Girls see it, and think that they are way too fat, and want to be like the models. This might already be the cause of an Anorexic case. However, some people get Anorexia because of super skinny friends or insults. The economics might also be a culprit, since when the economy drops, the person is under great depression, which might cause Anorexia. (Anorexia can be caused be depression) However, Society and the Economics can be affected a lot by Anorexia Nervosa and other eating disorders. In Australia only, the total cost of all the Eating Disorders was $17.18 billion (2012). The socio-economic (interaction of social and economic factors) cost was worse - $69.7 billion in 2012. A lot of people with Anorexia Nervosa drops out of their friends, and lose all the friends they originally had. They also lose their jobs, because they are so weak and frail that they don’t have the ability or energy to do it anymore. In most Anorexia cases, there would be deaths, breakups, social isolation (ignorance), and heart attacks because of stress. There is no actual medication that you can take to cure Anorexia, because it is mainly a physiological behavior. However, you can take medications for other mental disorders, such as anxiety or depression. Usually if your case of Anorexia is very serious, they would put you into medical care or homes. Most homesShow MoreRelated The Prevalence Of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, And Binge Eating Disorder1723 Words   |  7 PagesPrevalence Of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, And Binge Eating Disorder How prevalent is anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and other eating disorders? Without the knowledge of research, one is likely to think eating disorders are quite prevalent in society today. However, research proves that eating disorders, in general, are not as prevalent as one might think without any knowledge of the subject. Prevalence of an eating disorder refers to the number of cases of an eating disorder within aRead MoreDiagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders1631 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (2013) or DSM-5 outlines the four feeding and eating disorders as, Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Binge-Eating Disorder, and Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorder (OSFED). These are complex and highly devastating disorders that cause health, emotional, and relationship problems (NEDA, 2016). These conditions should not be taken lightly due to their potential to cause long term emotional and physicalRead MoreHow Eating Disorders Affect Health772 Words   |  3 PagesEating Disorders are conditions in which involves irregular eating habits, either insufficient or excessive food, that affects inimical the body’s image and mental health (Wikipedia). It affects men and women of all ages, but it has a greater impact among adolescences and young adults. In the United States, 24 million Americans are battling eating disorders, in which 1 million are males and 23 million are females. An individual who portraits this condition may have an irrational self-image thoughtRead MoreAnorexia Nervos Eating Disorders Association1013 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that affects about 0.5 to 1 percent of women in the United States today. (Anorexia Nervosa | National Eating Disorders Association) While, that may not seem like a lot of people are suffering from Anorexia nervosa it has received a significant amount of attention due to the consequences of developing this disorder. For example, it is reported that five to twenty percent of people who have Anorexia Nervosa will eventually succumb to theirRead MoreA Brief Note On Anorexia Nervosa And Bulimia Nervosa1280 Words   |  6 PagesAnorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa Eating disorders are classified as mental disorders and can lead to life threatening damage. It is important to manage eating disorders to prevent health effects. There are many different possibilities for patients with disorders. Common treatments for eating disorders can consists of counselor or therapists. Early detection is important to limit future oral health effects. A dental hygienist has an advantage to see the inside of the mouth for possible traumaRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa1443 Words   |  6 Pages Eating Disorders Sean Boehm Abnormal Psychology Professor. Johnston Farmingdale State College Due November 24th 2014 â€Æ' An eating disorder is a disorder that specifically focuses on the person’s weight and these behaviors are so detrimental not only to their performance in their everyday life but to their physical health. According to Hoeksema (2014) eating disorders can be characterized in three ways which include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. Anorexia nervosaRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa1493 Words   |  6 PagesIllness Paper – Anorexia Nervosa February 28, 2016 According to the Mayo Clinic (2016), eating disorders are â€Å"conditions related to persistent eating behaviors that negatively impact your health, your emotions, and your ability to function in important areas of life.† One such eating disorder is anorexia nervosa. Not to be confused with anorexia, which is simply a general loss of appetite that can be attributed to many medical ailments, anorexia nervosa is a serious eating disorder and mental illnessRead MoreAnorexia Nervosa: Body Image and Internalization Issues Among People from Different Ethnic Groups956 Words   |  4 PagesDescription: Anorexia nervosa is characterized by a distorted body image. The individual is severely underweight and thinks they are fat or has a fear of becoming fat (Comer, 2013). There are two types of anorexia. The first type is restricting-type anorexia. The individual restricts food intake to a dangerous degree. The second type is binge-eating/purging type anorexia. The individual purposely regurgitates after eating uses laxatives and/or diuretics (Comer, 2013). Females compose 90-95%Read MoreSymptoms And Signs Of Eating Disorders1133 Words   |  5 Pageswho suffer from an eating disorder are sometimes or to be fair always get the attention of media. That’s simply because such diseases are hard or difficult to be treated and they get to be a big point of interest and they receive the research attention. So what are eating disorders? And what are the symptoms and signs of an eating disorder? Well, an eating disorder is a definite disturbance of eating habits or weight-control behavior and it’s not a secondary due to any disorder. Over the past decadesRead MoreEating Disorders in Teenagers Essay511 Words   |  3 PagesEating Disorders in Teenagers Eating disorders are a growing problem in teenagers of today. According to an Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders (ANAD) study, eighty-six percent of eating disorder victims report their problem before the age of twenty. The two main types of eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that usually strikes women. There are about seven million women who have anorexia, and many of them

Relationship Contracting for Stakeholder Relationship Management

Question: Discuss about the Relationship Contracting for Stakeholder Relationship Management. Answer: Relationship Contracting Introduction Relationship contracting is that form of contract system wherein management of relationship is to be given pattern over and the dictate of a standard form of contract. It emphasizes on trust, teamwork and sharing of profit or loss. It is no new form of contract; it has been there in existence since the year 1980 onwards. The use of conventional in the construction industry may lead to issues that is very to be resolved in relation to the different arrangement for different parties in different business scenario (Bourne and Lynda, 2016). Relationship contracting are of two types, it can be accordance of the project or it can be a contract which is for a long term period and can prevail for a long period of time. Traditional Contracting If we take traditional contracting, it increases the cost of the project and the expenses in relation to project as it may cause some dispute that may arise between the constructor and the contractor (Dwyer et al. 2014 ).The conventional contracting further have contradictory motives for both the contractor and the constructor. One will try to finish the project with minimum time and cost on the other hand the contractor will try to extend the project timing for his personal interest. The detail reason is explained later in details with example: As both the party in a contract sits together to decide the scope of work along with the involvement of the parties. It helps the contractor to be always on the toes and it does not allow the contractor to take the client for granted (Eadie et al. 2015).It also helps to decide the procure method and the process surrounding the procurement. Now-a-days greater number of relationship contracting can be seen as it reduces adverse team relation, as there is involvement from both the parties as they both are working for a common goal In a traditional contract, the client defines, develops and designs the document in relation to the project before going into contract. In general, a construction company mention a compensation and time limit in the contract (Gransberg, Douglas D and Eric Scheepbouwer 2015). Traditional contracts have long been going on and as the project becomes very complex in nature other issues arises that needs to be addressed. In modern construction project the issues that arises are: Community requirements and desire for involvement in planning Resident title Political issues Unrelated stakeholders, interest groups The inherent doubts in brown field sites Environmental issues Uncertainty in scope definition These issues may result in time and cost (Gutierrez et al. 2014). As the construction companies wants to maximize their margins and the client wants the project to be delivered at the lowest cost. Relationship contracting is a business relationship. It is a mutual benefit from that the client and the contractor comes along to deliver the project at the lowest possible price. Alignment of goal The alignment of goals between the client and the contractor is common among all the parties. The alignment of goals helps in effective teamwork and communication between the client and the contractors. If we have common goals (Haslam Mckenzie and Fiona et al. 2013). Risk allocation As we know that risk cannot be eliminated but can be transferred and distributed amongst the parties involved in the procurement process. Clearly defined scope It is an arrangement between the main contractor and the client. It also includes suppliers, subcontractors, relevant parties, and other stakeholders. Form of contract In relationship based which is based on the contract project and delivery ensures physical delivery of the project to the requirement of the client (Hughes et al. 2015). Integrated project team In an integrated project, team includes the senior members of the project and the client. The team member is accountable for the designing of the project and construction of the project. Gain share / Pain share Profit and loss is an important aspect for relationship contracting and alignment of gains takes place through various incentive schemes (Young et al. 2016). Facilitators They are the consultants who build up a team and help to stay in alignment with their objective. It helps the project leaders to understand their shortcomings and problems. Legal Advisers The lawyers play a role in drafting the contract and agreement. Their main role is to protect the interest of their client. Third party advisers They contribute to the outcome of the project. Their role is to review and report about the progress about the project (Ibrahim et al.2016). Types of relationship contracting The relationship can be of two types Projects based collaborating: In this type of partnership contract, it is generally based for a particular project and end with that project (Jefferies, Marcus and Steve Rowlinson. 2016). Time Based Partnering: In this type of partnership, it is based on the time. A particular period is mentioned and the contract prevails for the particular time (Jefferies et al. 2014). In the current scenario, the client or the owner wants to work in close conformity with the people so that everyone has the idea about the objective of the project and to proceed. Relationship contract helps in building teamwork, gone those days where liability was upon one shoulder. Now-a-days liabilities are being transferred so that it could be minimized and so that everyone stays on their toes (Ling et al. 2014). Unlike traditional contracting, where there was no involvement by parties such as the supplier, and the contractor and client the burden was always on one person and risk involved was much greater in nature. With the help of relationship, marketing the risk and liability can be divided upon so that it can be a teamwork rather than one-man show. In the current scenario where the construction industry is very efficient in nature, the cost of carrying out business at the cost of the customer has become a very old practice. In the modern era, there should be strict contract between the construction company and the contractors that will define the exact remuneration and any delays that may happen in case of work. If there is any kind of delay, in that case the limitation of liabilities should be mentioned in the contract, which further helps in escalation of problems (Lloyd-walker et al. 2014). Conventional contract A conventional contract is something, which was practiced, had many flaws. For example X is the owner of a construction company, which is making high rising building for residential purpose. X has outsourced its work to Y, who is the owner of a company which is acting as a contractor for Xs company (Mollaoglu et al. 2015). The contract between X and Y is a conventional contract, where Y will get the payment in accordance with the number of days that X has used his services. Here we can see that the following scenario can caused total contradictory interest. As X is the owner of the construction company and paying contractor Y according to the number of days service provided by his company, in that case he would want to finish the work as fast as possible. On the other hand, Y is getting payment on daily basis and would want to extend the work as far as possible as it will increase the payment. Therefore, in this example we can see that how conventional contract can bring in contradictory relation amongst the construction company and its contractors (Rahmani et al. 2017). On the other hand, relationship contract creates a mutual benefit for both the parties. For example: X being the owner of the construction company and Y being the contractor, they went into an agreement that they will end the construction project on a specific time upon a specific amount of money. The quality standards should also be specified and if these standards are not met, there will be a deduction in payment (Walker et al. 2015). In this kind of scenario, both the parties have mutual interest in finishing the work as fast as possible. As there is mutual interest for both the parties in the same direction and they are not contradicting to each other, in such a scenario both the parties will work for similar interest and this will help in no further escalation of problems. References Bourne, Lynda. Stakeholder relationship management: a maturity model for organisational implementation. CRC Press, 2016. Dwyer, Judith, Amohia Boulton, Jose G. Lavoie, Tim Tenbensel, and Jacqueline Cumming. "Indigenous peoples health care: new approaches to contracting and accountability at the public administration frontier." Public Management Review 16, no. 8 (2014): 1091-1112. Eadie, Robert, Tim McLernon, and Adam Patton. "An investigation into the legal issues relating to building information modelling (BIM)." Proceedings of RICS COBRA AUBEA 2015 (2015). Gransberg, Douglas D., and Eric Scheepbouwer. "US Partnering Programs and International Partnering Contracts and Alliances: Comparative Analysis." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2504 (2015): 73-77. Gutierrez, Ana Laura Campos, Kriengsak Panuwatwanich, and Angela Walker. "Learning from the Past: Analysis of Factors Contributing to Construction Project Disputes in Australia." Law and Dispute Resolution (2014). Haslam Mckenzie, Fiona. "Delivering enduring benefits from a gas development: governance and planning challenges in remote Western Australia." Australian Geographer 44, no. 3 (2013): 341-358. Hughes, Will, Ronan Champion, and John Murdoch. Construction contracts: law and management. Routledge, 2015. Ibrahim, K., S. Costello, Suzanne Wilkinson, and Derek Walker. "Project Alliancing: The case of road infrastructure projects in New Zealand." In Proceedings of the 32nd Annual ARCOM Conference, Manchester, pp. 5-7. 2016. Jefferies, Marcus, and Steve Rowlinson. "1 Public-Private Partnerships and relationship-based procurement approaches." New Forms of Procurement: PPP and Relational Contracting in the 21st Century (2016): 1. Jefferies, Marcus, Graham John Brewer, and Thayaparan Gajendran. "Using a case study approach to identify critical success factors for alliance contracting." Engineering, construction and architectural management 21, no. 5 (2014): 465-480. Ling, Florence Yean Yng, Shi Ying Ong, Yongjian Ke, Shouqing Wang, and Patrick Zou. "Drivers and barriers to adopting relational contracting practices in public projects: Comparative study of Beijing and Sydney." International Journal of Project Management 32, no. 2 (2014): 275-285. Lloyd-walker, Beverley M., Anthony John Mills, and Derek HT Walker. "Enabling construction innovation: the role of a no-blame culture as a collaboration behavioural driver in project alliances." Construction Management and Economics 32, no. 3 (2014): 229-245. Mollaoglu, Sinem, Anthony Sparkling, and Sean Thomas. "An inquiry to move an underutilized best practice forward: Barriers to partnering in the architecture, engineering, and construction industry." Project Management Journal 46, no. 1 (2015): 69-83. Rahmani, Farshid, Farshid Rahmani, Tayyab Maqsood, Tayyab Maqsood, Malik Khalfan, and Malik Khalfan. "An overview of construction procurement methods in Australia." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 24, no. 4 (2017): 593-609. Walker, Derek Henry Thomas, James Harley, and Anthony Mills. "Performance of project alliancing in Australasia: a digest of infrastructure development from 2008 to 2013." Construction Economics and Building 15, no. 1 (2015): 1-18. Young, Brendan, Ali Hosseini, and Ola Ldre. "The characteristics of Australian infrastructure alliance projects." Energy Procedia 96 (2016): 833-844.